k'Fjf/ v8\sf–s]xL cfwf/e"t rrf{         

                                                      rGb|axfb'/ v8\sf

j+zf]TklQ

bf]nvf lhNnfdf kg]{ lrn+vfsf v8\sfx¿nfO{ ToxfF pgLx¿sf] a;f]af;af/] ;f]wgL ubf{ o:tf] hjfkm kfOG5 –æxfdL k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿sf] k'vf{ pHh}gsf] wf/f gu/af6 cfPsf x'g\ . oxfF rfFlx xfdL klZrdaf6 cfPsf xf}F .Æ

     lrn+vfsf k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿sf] j+zfjnLdf[1] logLx¿sf] pTklQsf] j0f{g o;/L u/]sf] kfOG5– Clif jlzi7 Ps ;do pHh}gsf] jgdf tk:ofu/L a;]sf lyP . Ps lbg /fhf ljZjfldq ToxL jgdf lzsf/ v]Ng hfFbf /ft k/]sfn] Clif jlzi7s} cf>ddf af; a;] . ToxfF jlzi7sf] glGbgL gfds Ps ufO{ lyOg\ . To; /ft /fhfnfO{ h] h:tf] k|sf/sf ef]hgx¿ rflxGYof] tL ;a} ltg} ufO{sf] b"wsf] dfWodaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf]] b]lv /fhf ljZjfldqn] ef]lnkN6 Clif;Fu tL ufO{ cfkm"nfO{ lbg'xf];\ egL dfu] . t/ w]/} cg'/f]w ubf{ klg Clifn] lbg gdfg] kl5 /fhfn] ank"j{s eP klg tL ufO{nfO{ cfkm"sxfF n}hfg] c7f]6 u/]/ cfkm\gf ;]gfnfO{ tL ufO{sf] x/0f ug]{ cfb]z lbP . ha /fhfsf ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ Clifsf] cf>daf6 ckx/0f ug{ nfu]sf lyP, To;} avt tL ufO{n] qmf]wk"j{s 7"nf] zAb lgsflng\, kmn:j?k pgsf] c+u k|ToËaf6 cg]s of]4fx¿ k|s6 eP / tL ufO{nfO{  ckx/0f ul/gaf6 hf]ufO{ lbP . To; k|sf/ ufO{sf] c+uk|ToËaf6 k|s6 ePsf of]4fx¿ dWo] ufO{sf] kf}g -km'Fsf/_ af6 kF'jf/ -k/df/_ x? k|s6 ePsf lyP . sfnfGt/df oxL j+zdf hub]jsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] eGg] ;d]tsf s'/fx? klg pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

     o:t} lsl;dsf] s'/f dxfe/t cflb kj{df klg o;/L pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 – Clif jlzi7sf] glGbgL ufO{nfO{ /fhf ljZjfldqsf] kmf}hn] x/0f ug{ vf]Hbf ufO{sf] c+uk|ToËaf6 v; nufot ljleGg yl/sf jL/ of]4fx¿ k|s6 eO{ /fhfsf] kmf}hnfO{ x/fP/ ufO{nfO{ x/0f x'gaf6 arfPsf lyP .[2]

     oxL s'/fnfO{ Oltxf;df rflx o;/L j0f{g ul/Psf] 5– xif{jw{gsf] ;dob]lv d';ndfgx¿sf] ljhosfn;Dd pQ/ ef/tdf ljleGg j+zsf IfqLo /fhk"tx¿n] /fHo u/]sf lyP . ltgdf ækFjf/Æ -k/df/_ j+z klg Ps lyof] . o; j+zsf cflb k'?ifnfO{ Clif jlzi7n] cfkm\gf] ufO{sf] /Iffsf] nflu clUgs'08af6 cle;[i6 u/]sf lyP .[3]

     o;/L dfly pNn]lvt s'/fx¿ tkm{ kf}/fl0fs b[li6sf]0faf6 ljrf/ ubf{ clxn]sf k'+jf/x¿sf] pTklQ Clif jlzi7sf] ufO{sf] /Iffy{ ePsf] k|ltt x'G5 .

a;f]af; tyf lj:tf/

     Oltxf; cg';f/ klxn] oL kFjf/x¿ cfa' kxf8L If]qsf] crnu9 -ef/tsf] dWo k|b]zdf kg]{_ tkm{ /xGy] . gjf}+ ztfAbLdf pk]Gb| gfds Ps ;/bf/n] dfnjf -xfn ef/tsf] dWo k|b]z cGtu{t kg]{_ ljho u/]/ ToxfF o; j+zsf] hu a;fn]sf lyP . o; j+zsf /fhfx¿sf] /fhwfgL wf/fgu/L -wf/f_ lyof] . pHh}g klg dfnjfs} Ps efu lyof] . /fhf ef]h klg o;} j+zsf lyP .[4]

     ;Djt ()( df ob'j+zL /fhf ljho/fhsf k'q b]j/fhn] d? If]qsf] Pp6f ;fgf] e"v08df lsNnf agfP/ To;sf] gfd b]ju9 jf b]j/fjn /fv]sf lyP . ToxL b]j/fjnsf ozf]s0f{ gfdsf j}ZonfO{ wf/fgu/L uPsf] cj:yfdf wf/fklt j[hefg' kFjf/n] wgjfg 7fgL aGbL agfP/ pgsf] wg lnO{ 5fl8 lbPsf] sf/0f To; s'/faf6 cfkm\gf] ckdfg ePsf] 7fgL b]j/fhn] o; ckdfgsf] abnf kFjf/ /fhf;Fu glnP;Dd kfgL;Dd klg gvfg] k|lt1f u/]sf lyP . t/ o'4åf/f kFjf/ /fhfnfO{ x/fpg g;s]kl5 s'g} k|sf/af6 eP klg cfkm\gf] k|lt1f k"/f ug{sf nflu cfkm\gf ;]gfdf ePsf kFjf/x¿af6 Pp6f gSsnL wf/fgu/L agfpg nufO{ To;nfO{ lht]sf] b]vfP/ cfkm\gf] k|lt1f k"/f u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f klg Oltxf;df pNn]v ePaf6 wf/fgu/Ldf Tolta]n} k'Fjf/j+zsf] /fHo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kFjf/ j+z / wf/fgu/L aLrsf] ;DaGw tnsf] bf]xfaf6 klg k'li6 x'G5 .[5]

     hxfF kFjf/ txf+ wf/ x}, hxfF wf/ txfF kFjf/ .

     wf/s ljgf kFjf/ gxL gxLF kFjf/ ljg wf/ ..

     pQm j+zfjnLdf kb\ldgLsf] sf/0f afbzfx;Fu Pt/fhL kbf{ logLx¿ pHh}gaf6 u9 lrQf}/ cfP / ToxfFaf6 klg ljleGg lbzftkm{ nfu] . logLx¿ dWo] s]xL kFjf/x¿ sfnL t/L g]kfn tkm{ cfP / Ps efO k'Fjf/n] 8f]6Lsf] l9s\k'r'{08Ldf dflg; vfg] /fhf df/L /fHoa;fn] eGg] s'/f klg pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

     o; ;DaGwdf Oltxf; tkm{ b[li6 lb+bf lbNnLdf  ;'ntfg cNnfpl2g lvnhLn] zf;g u/]sf] ;dodf lrtf}/df /fhk"t /fhf /Tgl;+x /fHo ub{y] . pgsL kTgL Tolt a]nf gfd rn]sL ;'Gb/L lyOg . ltgsf] cg'kd ;f}Gbo{sf] sf/0f ;'Ntfg cNnfp2Lg kb\ldgLnfO{ cfkm\gf] agfpg rfxGy] . To;}sf/0f ;g\ !#)# df lrtf}/ dfly xdnf u/L sAhf hdfP . t/ kb\ldgLn] eg] zq'sf] xft kg'{ cl3 g} clUgdf kmfnxfnL cfTdxTof ul/g\ .[6] o;/L lrtf}/ /fHo d';ndfgL /fHodf ldNof] eGg] s'/f j0f{g u/]sf] kfOG5 . kb\ldgLnfO{ s'g} Oltxf;sf/n] /Tgl;+xsf] kTgL / s;}n] eLdl;+xsf] kTgL elg pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

     j+zfjnLdf ePsf] kb\ldgL / jfbzfxsf] pNn]vn] o;} 36gftkm{ O+lut u/]sf] xf] ls h:tf] nfU5 . o;/L ljrf/ ubf{ lrtf}/df ;g\ !#)# df d';/ndfgx¿n] xdnf u/]sf] x'Fbf ToxfFsf /fhk"tx¿sf] ;xof]usf] nflu s]xL hub]j j+zsf kFjf/x¿ dfnjfsf] pHh}gaf6 lrtf}/ cfPsf / lrtf}/df /fhk"tx¿sf] k/fho ePkl5 tL kFjf/x¿ sfnfGt/df dxfsfnL gbL kf/ u/L g]kfn tkm{ k|j]z u/]sf] cg'dfg x'G5 . cNnfpF2Lgs} ;]gf gfos P]gpn\d'Nsåf/f lb;Da/ (, !#)% df dfnjfsf clGtd kFjf/ /fhfnfO{ lht] kl5 ToxfF o; j+zsf] /fHosf] cGt ePsf] lyof] .[7]

     o;/L g]kfn tkm{ cfPsf dWo] Ps efO k'Fjf/n] 8f]6Lsf] l9s\k'r'{08Ldf dflg; vfg] /fhf df/L /fHo a;fn]sf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] ;DaGwdf To;};Fu ldNbfh'Nbf] ls+jbGtL l9s\k'r'{08L tkm{ klg /x]sf] kfOG5– Ps k6s l9s\k'r'{08L -klxn] 8f]6L / xfn a}t8L lhNnf cGtu{t kg]{_ df Ps /fhf lyP . ltgnfO{ dflg;sf] df;' v'a ld7f] nfUYof] . To;}n] ltgn] cfkm\gf] /fHodf kfn}kfnf] k|To]s 3/af6 Pp6f dflg; /fhfsf] lzsf/sf] nflu /fhf sxfF hfg'kg]{ rng rnfPsf lyP .

     Ps lbg Pp6f a6'jf ;fFemdf af; a:g To; 3/df k'u] . /ftL To; 3/sf hxfgx¿df lgs} ?jfaf;L ePsf] tL a6'jfn] ;'g] . To;sf] jf:tljstf a'em\g pgn] 3/wgL;Fu ;f]4f 3/wgLn] atfP– æef]ln laxfg} xfd|f] 3/af6 Ps hjfg /fhfsf] lzsf/sf] nflu /fhf sxfF hfg' k5{ . d eG5' d]/f] a[4 cj:yf ePsf]n] d}n] hfg' /fd|f] x'G5 . t/ 5f]/f eG5 d xF'bfx'Fb} tkfO{ hfg' x'Fb}g, d hfG5' . o;} s'/fn] ubf{ 3/df ?jfaf;L eO/x]sf] 5 .Æ of] s'/f ;'g]kl5 tL a6'jfn] pgLx¿sf] abnfdf cfkm" /fhfsf] lzsf/sf] nflu hfg] k|:tfj /fv]/ 3/wgLnfO{ a8f] d'l:sn ;fy dgfP .

     ptf /fhfn] cfkm\gf] lzsf/sf] nflu cfpg] dflg;nfO{ cfkm\gf] b/af/df /x]sf] sfnLsf] dlGb/ cl3lNt/ nu]/ t]nsf] s/fxLdf lgx'l/P/ cfkm\gf] 5fofF x]g{ nufpg] / 5fFof x]g{ lgx'l/Psf] avt v8\un] sf6\g] u/]sf lyP . of] s'/f tL a6'jfn] 3/wgLaf6 yfxf kfO;s]sf lyP . ef]lnkN6 ha pgL /fhf sxfF k'u] /fhfn] pgnfO{ t]nsf] s/fxLdf cfkm\gf] 5fFof x]g{ eg] . t/ rt'/ a6'jfn] s;f] ug'{ kg]{ xf] cfkm"n] ghfg]sf] x'Fbf Ps k6s /fhfn] u/]/ b]vfO lbg cfu|x u/] . ha /fhfn] j6'jfnfO{ l;sfpgsf] nflu elg s/fxL dfly lgx'l/Psf dfq s] lyP a6'jfn] cfkm';Fu n'sfO nu]sf] v8\un] /fhfnfO{ sfl6lbP . To;/L cfkm\gf] /}tLnfO{ vfg] /fhfnfO{ dfl/lbP kl5 ToxfFsf hgtf v';L eO{ ltg} a6'jfnfO{ /fhf agfPkl5 s]xL ;do pgn] ToxfF /fHo rnfPsf lyP eGg] o; ls+jbGtLaf6 klg l9s\k'r'{9=08Ldf dflg; vfg] /fhf df/L k'Fjf/n] /fHo a;fn] elg j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ s]xL xb;Dd an ldN5 .[8]

     l9s\k'r'{08Ldf klxn] v8\sfx¿sf] /fHo ePsf] af/] oL tnsf s'/fx¿af6 klg k'li6 ldN5 – klxn] ;–;fgf /fhfnfO{ /haf/ eGg] rng lyof] . 8f]6L h'g a]nfdf Ps ljzfn /fHosf] ?kdf lyof] / em08} clxn]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;]tL / dxfsfnL c~rn If]qdf lj:t[t lyof] ToxL a]nf ToxfF ljleGg /haf/x¿ /x]sf lyP . To; dWo] æk'h'{8f /haf/Æ klg Ps lyof] .[9]

     o;af6 k'h'{8f -k'r'{08L <_ df klxn] /haf/ lyP eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 / 8f]6Lsf s]xL v8\sfx¿n] cfkm\gf] gfdsf] k5fl8 æ/haf/Æ elg n]Vg] u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] x'Fbf ToxfFsf /haf/ log} v8\sfx¿ lyP eGg] alnof] wf/0ff aGg cfpF5 .[10]

     k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn …ofqLÚ sf] sygfg'+;f/ 8f]6Ls} dsf/Lsf]6df klg s'g} ;dodf k'Fjf/j+zLo /fhf rt'/L v8\sfn] /fHo u/]sf lyP . o;afx]s of]uL g/xl/gfyn] sf]6sfF8fg]/sf] rf}sf]6nfO{ klg v8\sfx¿sf] k'/fgf] /fHo xf] elg pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 .[11]

     o;}u/L ynx/f -xfn aemfË lhNnfdf kg]{_df klg klxn] v8\sfx¿n] /fHo u/]sf] / kl5 aemfËL /fhf zlQml;+xsf efO hlQml;+xn] ynx/fdf df]6f] -df]6'_ v8\sfnfO{ df/L cfkm" ToxfFsf] /fhf ePsf] s'/f ToxfFsf] j+zfjnLaf6 b]lvG5 . o;af6 ynx/fdf klg klxn] ygfnx¿sf], To; kl5 v8\sfx¿sf] / To;kl5 l;+xx¿sf] zf;g ePsf] s'/f k|li6G5 . pQm df]6f] -df]6'_ v8\sfaf/] c? a9L hfgsf/L eg] k|sfzdf cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5}g .[12]

 s'g} ;dodf h'Dnf lhNnfsf] kmfgrf}/ eGg] 6fs'/fdf klg v8\sfx¿n] /fHo u/]sf] s'/f h'Dnfdf ls+jbGtLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 / ToxfF cem} klg dlGb/x¿sf] eUgfjz]if kfOG5 elg /Tgfs/ b]jsf]6fn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 .Æ[13]

     h'Dnfs} sfnLsf]6df klg klxn] v8\sfx¿sf] /fHo lyof] / ToxfFsf clGtd v8\sf /fhf ch'{gl;+x v8\sfnfO{ lht]/ dnoadsf 5f]/f d]lbgL adf{n] /fHo lnPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/f ToxfF rlr{t 5 .

     ef]hk'/ lhNnf bfFjf ufpFsf k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿sf] k'vf{ klg klxn] wf/fgu/af6} g]kfn cfPsf / pgLx¿ qmdzM ndh'Ë, uf]/vf, cf]vn9'+Ëfsf] s'jfkfgL x'Fb} ef]hk'/sf] bfFjfdf a;f]af; ug{ k'u]sf x'g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 .[14]

     o;/L ;'?df g]kfnsf] klZrdL If]q 8f]6Ltkm{ /x]sf k'Fjf/ v8\sfsf ;Gtfgx¿ sfnfGt/df b]zsf] dWo / k"jL{ dfu tkm{ a;f]af; ug{ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . j+zfjnLdf klg ;'?df 8f]6Ldf /x]sf k'Fjf/x¿ dWo] Ps efO 8f]6Ld} a;]sf / c? efOx¿ Ko'7fg, kfNkf, ndh'ª\ tyf kj{t tkm{ a;f]af; ug{ k'u]sf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] / pQm :yfgx¿ tkm{ k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿sf] lgs} a;f]af; ePsf] kfOg] x'Fbf j+zfjnLsf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ldN5 . of] qmd qmdzM a9\b} uO{ xfn b]zsf] ;'b"/klZrdL efub]lv ;'b"/k"jL{ efu;Dd klg cToflws ;+Vofdf logLx¿sf] a;f]af; ePsf] b]lvG5 .

     o; k|sf/ v8\sfx¿sf] a;f]af; lj:tf/ qmdzM k"j{ tkm{ a9\b} uPsf] eflifs b[li6sf]0faf6 klg k'li6 x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL afa'/fd cfrfo{ eGg'x'G5 – klZrd kl§af6 uf]/vf / tgx'F;Dd v;x¿ -klxn]sf n]vx¿df If]qLnfO{ v; eg]/ n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5_ cfjb x'Fb} cfP kl5 logLx¿ dNn /fHo leq klg k;] . klxn] klxn] logLx¿nfO{ v]t cfjfb ug{ lbPgg\ . To;}n] logLx¿ kfvf cfjfb u/L 3/hd u/]/ a;] . lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} dNn/fhfx¿n] logLx¿nfO{ v]t cfjfb ug{ klg lbP / logLx¿sf] v; efiff d'dL{, ;]kf{ / g]jf/x¿n] klg hfGg, a'em\g yfn] / logLx¿df cfk;L ;xof]u x'g yfNof] . v; s'/fg} logLx¿sf] aLrdf Pstf Nofpg] ;fwg eof] . of] v; efiff b]nvf /fHosf sfdL, ;'g'jf/;Ddn] a'em\g yfn] / cfk;L Pstf :yflkt ug{ yfn] .[15]

y/, uf]q tyf k|j/

     k"Fjf/x/n] sfnLsf] k"hf ubf{ cfk;df sfd afF8], h;dWo] h]7fn] sfnLsf] v8\u lng] u/]sf] x'Fbf v8\sf elgg] nfu] . To;}u/L sfds} cfwf/af6 c? efOx¿ klg yfkf, lji6,bfgL,a'9fyf]sL cflb elgg nfu] eGg] s'/f j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

      o; k|sf/ k'Fjf/j+zL Ps} bfh'efOx¿ sfd ljz]ifsf] cfwf/af6 v8\sf, yfkf, lji6, bfgL, a'9fyf]sL cflb y/df ljeQm ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog ubf{ uf]/vf -xfn ndh'ª\df kg]{_ /flugf; df]xl/ofsf]6sf ;/bf/ elQm yfkf tyf logsf ;Gtfg klg k'+jf/j+zL tyf slkn uf]qL ePsf] s'/f of]uL g/xl/gfyn] pNn]v ug'{ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .[16]

     To:t} ;]tL c+rn tkm{sf lji6x¿sf] j+zfjnLdf pgLx¿nfO{ k'Fjf/ lji6g} eg]/ pnn]v ul/Psf] s'/f k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn …ofqLÚ n] hgfpg' ePsf] 5 .[17]

     bf]nvf lhNnfsf] vf/] vDjlbª\ eGg] :yfgdf j;f]jf; u/]sf kmf}bl;+x, ;'/aL/ a'9fyf]sLx¿sf ;Gtfg klg cfkm"nfO{ k'Fjf/j+zL tyf slknuf]qL g} ePsf] atfpF5g\ .

     o;/L clxn] klg g]kfnsf] ljleGg :yfgdf a;f]af; ug]{ hfltx¿df k'Fjf/ v8\sf, k'Fjf/ yfkf, k'Fjf/ lji6, k'Fjf/ bfgL, k'Fjf/ a'9fyf]sL cflb Ps} j+z / Ps} uf]q ePsf ljleGg y/sf If]qLx¿ kfOg] x'Fbf j+zfjnLsf] o; s'/fdf ;Totf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

     To;}u/L csf]{ 7fpFdf k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn …ofqLÚ n]Vg' x'G5– >LkfnL v8\sfx¿ hf] cfkm"nfO{ ækFjf/ v8\sfÆ eg]/ lrgfpF5g\, klg slkn uf]q / k~r k|j/fGt atfpF5g\ . j+zdf eg] >LkfnL lji6 klg …kFjf/ lji6Ú eGg nfu]sf 5g\ .[18]

     ctM o; k|sf/ k'/fgf n]vx¿df clxn]sf k'Fjf/x¿nfO{ k'Fjf/ gegL ækFjf/Æ eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 logLx¿ kFjf/j+zL /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f k|i6 b]lvg cfpF5 .

     j+zfjnLdf v8\u lng] sfd u/]s]f sf/0f v8\u lng] k'Fjf/sf] y/ v8\sf aGg uof] elgPsf] 5 . DofUbL lgjf;L k"j{ ;xfos dGqL bLkaxfb'/ v8\sfn] klg cfkm\gf] cfTdsyf n]Vbf afUn'Ë tkm{sf k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿sf] j+zfjnLdf pgLx¿sf  k'vf{ rqm k'Fj/n] b]jLsf] v8\u af]s]sf] x'Fbf pgnfO{ v8\sf kbjL lbOPsf] lyof] eGg] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 .[19]

     of]uL g/xl/gfyn] æv8\ufxÆ zAbsf] lgj{rg ub}{ if8\ufx–v8\uu|fx–v8\uu|x–v8\uu|fxL–v8\uwf/L elg pNn]v ug'{sf ;fy} clwsf/L, sfsL{, v8\ufx, a'9fyfkf c8} OToflb zAb /fHoflwsf/ ;"rs x'g\ / /fHoflwsf/ ;"rs kbx¿ k'/fgf x'Fb} y/df ?9 ePsf 5g\–eGg' ePsf] 5 .[20]

     uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf klg v8\u lng]nfO{ æv8\uuf|xÆ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] / k'/fgf n]vx¿df clxn]sf v8\sfx¿nfO{ æv8\ufxÆ elg n]lvg] u/]af6 o; s'/fsf] k'li6 x'g cfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu zfs] !@&* sf] k[YjLdNnsf] sgskqsf] Ps p4/0f oxfF k|:t't 5 – h'Nnf b'n'F, s'Ogf kftfnf /fs:sf]6sf clwsf/L sfsL{ v8\ufx a'9f yfkf l5BfFsf c8} clwsf/L ljofkf/L ;ef} k|lt .[21]

     To;} u/L Oltxf;ljb\ tyf cg';Gwftf wgjh| ah|frfo{n] klg v8\ufx ;/sf/L kbnfO{ a'emfpg] zAb xf] / o;af6 v8\u lng] /fhfsf c+u/Ifs æv8\ufxÆ sxnfpFy] / kl5 of] zAb y/ aGg uPsf] b]lvG5 eGg' ePsf] 5 .[22]

     k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn …ofqLÚ klg dWosfnLg /fHo Joj:yfsf ;}lgs ;+u7gsf] tflnsf cWoog ub{f v8\sfsf] tfTko{ u'Ndklt jf z:qfuf/sf] k|d'v kb lyof] eGg] hflgG5 eGg'x'G5 .[23]

     pk/f]Qm ;a} syg tyf p4/0fx¿ pk/ ljrf/ ubf{ ;'?df sfnLsf] v8\u lnO{ c+u/Ifssf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0f To:tf] sfdug]{ k'Fjf/nfO{ æv8\uu|fxÆ eGg yflnof] xf]nf . sfnfGt/df ToxL v8\uu|fx zAbsf] cke|+z æv8\ufxÆ / clg clxn]sf] æv8\sfÚ ePsf] cg'dfg x'G5 . oxL zAb s'g} ;dodf ;/sf/L kbnfO{ a'emfpg] zAb aGg k'u]sf] / To;kl5 y/ aGg cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

     o; cfwf/af6 ljrf/ ubf{ æv8\sfÆ zAb klxn] hflt ;"rs geO{ k]zf ;"rs ePsf] / kl5 cfP/ dfq o;nfO{ hflt ;"rs dflgg nfu]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6 s] yfxf x'G5 eg] k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿sf] hft æIfqLoÆ xf] . k]zf jf sfd ljz]ifaf6 logLx¿sf] y/ æv8\sfÆ aGg uof] . kFjf/ j+zsf ePsf] x'Fbf logLx¿nfO{ To;}sf] cke|+z ?k æk'Fjf/Æ elgof] / slkn d'lgsf] lzio jf cg'ofoL ePsf] sf/0f logLx¿sf] uf]q æslknÆ  x'g uPsf] xf] cyjf jlzi7sf] ufO{ -slknf_af6 jf To;}sf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg ePsf] x'gfn] klg slkn uf]q ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . lsgeg] zf:qdf æz+zf] låwf ljBof hGdgf rÆ eg]/ j+zqmd ljBf k/Dk/f -u'?s'n_ / hGd b'a}af6 rNg] atfOPsf] kfOG5 . o; dWo] ljwf k/Dk/faf6 rn]sf]nfO{ gfb j+z tyf afa'–cfdfaf6 hGd eO{ rn]sf]nfO{ ljGb' j+z eGg] k|rng klg 5 .

     k|j/df k'Fjf/ v8\sf slkn cfb/ kb\db]j sfTofogL b]j/fh ;d]t ul/ k~rk|j/fGt ePsf] s'/f j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . DofUbL lgjf;L bLkaxf'b/ v8\sfn] klg æd]/f] cfTdsyfÆ k':tsdf afUn'ª\sf k'Fjf/ v8\sf rqmk'Fjf/sf] k'vf{sf] kl/ro lbg] qmddf j+z s]nfpFbf æslkn uf]q cfb/ kb\db]j sfTofogL b]j/fh k+r k|j/fo cy zfvf pHh}gu9 wf/fgu/L hfuf hub]pÆ eGg] kfOPsf] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . 8f]6Lsf] ltvfdf a;f]af; u/]sf k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿n] klg cfkm\gf] uf]q æslknÆ xf] eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ aemfª\, bfË lt/ a;f]af; u/]sf s]xL v8\sfx¿n] eg] cfkn"nfO{ k'Fjf/j+zL eP klg ef/åfh uf]qL elg atfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} aemfË lt/sf] s]xL k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ sZok uf]qL atfpg] u/]sf] klg ;'lgG5 . o; afx]s k'Fjf/ zAbs} ;DaGwdf klg sxL …kjf/Æ, sxL …k'jfF/Ú sxL …k'Fjf/Ú …k'Fj/Ú eGg] k|rngdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L y/sf] gfd / uf]qdf :yfg cg'?k s]xL elGgtf h:tf] b]lvP klg ;a}n] cfkm"nfO{ k'Fjf/j+zL g} atfpg] u/]sf x'Fbf o;af6 j+z ljz]ifdf eg] s'g} km/s kg]{ b]lvFb}g .

     xfn v8\sfx¿df k'Fjf/ afx]s cGo ljleGg lsl;dsf pk–y/x¿ j+z ljz]ifaf6 ag]sf] geO{ k|foM yft ynf]sf] gfdaf6 ag]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0ffy{, kfNkfdf a:g] u/]sf v8\sfx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ækfNkfnL v8\sfÆ elg atfpF5g\ eg] vKt8df a:g] u/]sf v8\sfx¿ ævKt8L v8\sfÆ, sfnLsf]6df a:g] u/]sf v8\sfx¿ æsfnLsf]6] v8\sfÆ nsfª\df a:g] u/]sf v8\sfx¿ nsfªL v8\sfÆ cflb sxnfpF5g\ . ;do laTb} hfFbf Ps} j+zsf JolQmx¿df klg :yfgLotf, efiff, ;+:s[lt cflbsf] k|efj kl/ o; k|sf/ y/, uf]qdf cGt/ cfPsf] s'/f P]ltxfl;s b[li6af6 gf}nf] xf]Og .

     oftfoft tyf ;+rf/sf] k|aGw gePsf] klxn]sf] ;dodf Ps} 7fPFaf6 km'6]/ lxF8]sf] Ps} j+zsf ;Gtfg klg cfk;df e]63f6 tyf ;Dks{ x'g g;s]kl5 lj:tf/ lj:tf/ :yfg ljz]ifsf] /Lltl/jfh, efiff tyf xfjfkfgLsf] k|efj, ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts afWotf cflb sf/0faf6 sfnfGt/df y/ uf]q tyf af]nLrfnLsf] 9fFrfdf km/s b]lvg' s'g} c:jfefljs s'/f xf]Og . o:tf s'/fx¿sf] k|df0f Oltxf;df klg k|z:t kfOG5g\ .

     To:tf pbfx/0fsf] nflu egf}F klxn] wf/fgu/Laf6} cfPsf pbo e§sf ;Gtfg ^ k':tf;Dd e§ g} /x]sf / To;kl5 cfkm" a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfg ljz]ifsf] gfdaf6 pgs} ;Gtfgx¿ sf]xL kf}8]n, sf]xL l;Ub]n, sf]xL cof{n / sf]xL kf]v/]n y/df ablnPsf] s'/f pgLx¿s} ;Gtfgaf6 yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 .[24]

     To:t} anL/fhsf k'vf{ sfn} ufpFdf cfjfb ePb]lv sfn} ufpFsf afl;Gbfsf] gftfn] :yfg;Fu ;DalGwt x'Fbf sNofn y/ ePsf] / afh'/f lhNnf sf]l6nf uf=k+= cGtu{t kg]{ 5ftLsf]6sf ;fdGtx¿ klg To; 7fpFsf] gftfn] y/} 5Tofn ag]sf] s'/f k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn æofqLÆn] klg pNn]v u'g{ePsf] 5 .[25]

     o; k}sf/ y/ dfq xf]Og klxn] cfjZostf cg';f/ uf]q klg kl/jt{g ug]{ rng rn]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, >L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;'?sf] uf]q ef/åfh lyof] / kl5 sfzLdf uo{ ;'?sf] uf]q TofuL sfZok uf]q ckgfPsf] s'/f w/0fLw/ bxfnn] pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 .Æ[26]

     To:t} sfnLsf]6 b/f dxfb]j ufpFaf6 h'Dnf czLb/fsf] cfrfo{ ufpFsf] u/fnL 8fF8fdf cfO a;]sf bLNkf dxt/fsf ;Gtgx¿sf] ;'?sf] uf]q rfv'Nof lyof] . kl5 u/fnL 8fF8fdf cfO;s]kl5 sfZok uf]qdf kl/0ft ePsf] b]lvG5 .[27]

zfs] !))% df h'uf8f /fHosf] sfsL{ kbdf lgo'lQm kfPsf >LkfnL kl08t h;' kfWof y/} sfsL{df kl/0ft eP kl5 k/fz/ uf]q TofuL sfZok uf]q u|x0f u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ klg k|df0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .[28]

     To;}u/L rf}wf} ztfAbL lt/sf l;+hfsf /fhvnssf] e08f/ /]vb]v ug]{ /fhvns;Fu ;DalGwt ljtf{jfn ;d'bfo eF8f/L -e08f/L_ elgGy] . kl5 logLx¿ cf–cfˆgf] ;'ljwf cg';f/ ljleGg yft ynf]df a:g yfn], h; cg';f/ logLx¿sf] uf]qdf klg ljljwtf b]vf k¥of] . logLx¿dWo] 8f]6L lg/f}nf ufpFsf afl;Gbf lg/f}nf eF8f/L æef/åfhÆ sxlnP, /3'j+zL eF8f/L æsf}lzsÆ / l;hfklt yflG;+u] eF8f/L æjlzi7Æ eP eGg] x+;k'/] ;'j]bLsf] cfn]vaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .[29]

o; afx]s sltko JolQmx¿ ljleGg sf/0fjz cfkm" hlGdO{ a;f]jf; u/]sf 7fpFaf6 jf cfkm\gf kl/jf/af6 lj:yflkt eO{ c? g} lj/fgf] 7fpFdf /xg afWo ePsf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] j+z, y/ uf]q cflbsf] 1fg geO{ To; 7fpFsf dflg;x¿n] jf k'/f]lxt cflbn] kl5 lbPsf] j+z, y/, uf]q cflb u|x0f u/]kl5 km/s h:tf] b]lvg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . To:t} cGt/hflto ;DaGwaf6 hGd ePsfx¿sf] afa' ljlt;s]sf / cfdfnfO{ aRrfsf] afa'sf] hft, y/, uf]qsf] 1fg gePsf] sf/0f To:tf aRrfnfO{ dfjnL kl§sf], hft, y/, uf]q lbOPsf] klg ;'lgPsf] 5 . sltko cfkm\gf] uf]q yfxf gkfPsf ohdfgnfO{ k'/f]lxtx¿n] sfZok uf]q lbg] k|rng klg 5 .

     o; lsl;daf6 Ps} j+z, y/, uf]qsf ;Gtfgx¿ klg ;do ;dodf o:t} ljleGg sf/0fjz km/s km/s hft, y/, uf]qdf kl/0ft x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'Fbf k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿sf] klg o:t} sf/0faf6 ljleGg pky/ / ljleGg uf]qx¿ x'g uPsf] xf] ls eGg] cg'dfg x'G5 . ctM o; tkm{ ;DalGwt JolQmx¿åf/f o; ;DaGwdf cem uxg cWoog x'g ;s] cflwsfl/s tYo k|sfzdf cfpg] cfzf /fVg ;lsG5 .

     k'Fjf/ v8\sfx¿df æa/e}ofÆ / æc7e}ofÆ eGg] rng klg obfsbf kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf s;}n] glGbgL ufO{sf] bflxg] kl§sf] kf}g -km'Fsf/_ af6 pTkGg ePsf afx|efOnfO{ a/e}of / b]a|] kl§sf] kf}g -km'Fsf/_af6 pTkGg ePsf cf7 efOnfO{ c7e}of elgPsf] xf] eGb5g\ eg] cGo s;}n] rflx+ h]7L kTgL kl§sf afx|efOnfO{ a/e}of / sfG5L kTgL kl§sf cf7efOnfO{ c7e}of elgPsf] xf] eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

 dfyL pNn]v ePsf s'/fx?af6 s] yfx x'G5 eg] h'g j]nf jt{dfg /fi6«x?sf] clxn]sf] h:tf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf sfod ePsf] lyPg / g]kfn nufPt xfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ blIf0f tyf blIf0f k"jL{ Plzofsf] e" efug} cfof{jt{sf] gfdaf6 kl/lrt lyof] Toltj]n} cfof{jt{ e"lddf k“'jf/x?sf] pTklQ eO;s]sf] lyof] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL

! >L lji0f'uhfw/ v8\sf;Fu ePsf] j+zfjnL .

@ ;+lIfKt dxfef/t k|yd v08, uLtf k|]; k[i7 (^ .

# 8f= /dfz+s/ lqkf7L – k|frLg ef/tsf Oltxf;, k[i7 @&) .

$ /fh:yfg Oltxf;, bf];|f] efu

% Dr. Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava - The Sultanate of Delhi

^  -J. Allan, M.A./Sir T.Waiseley Haig K.C.I.E., C.S.I., E.M.G., M.A., H.H. Dodwill, M.A., -The Cambridge Shorter History of India

& 8f]6Lsf tTsfnLg /f=k=;= nfnaxfb'/ v8\sf;Fusf] jftf{af6 .

* k|frLg g]kfn c+s #)–#( .

( of]uL g/xl/ gfy – Oltxf; k|sfzdf ;lGwkq ;+u|x–k"0f{kf7 .

!) of]uL g/xl/ gfy – Oltxf; k|sfzdf ;lGwkq ;+u|x, .

!! k|frLg g]kfn ;+Vof #)–#(, .

!@  /Tgfs/ b]jsf]6f – g]kfnL q]dfl;s c+s (@ .

!# ef]hk'/ bfFjfsf :j= ;'Aaf b'uf{axfb'/ v8\sf ;Fusf] jftf{af6 .

!$ afa'/fd cfrfo{ – g]kfnsf] ;+lIfKt j[QfGt v08 !,.

!% of]uL g/xl/gfy – Oltxf; k|sfzdf ;lGwkq ;+u|x, k[i7–#&# / ;/bf/ elQm yfkf :d[lt u|Gy, @)%^,.

!^ k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn …ofqLÚ– ;]tL c+rn lbUbz{g, .

!& k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof *!, j}zfv h]7 @)$!, g]kfnL v08 .

!* bLkaxfb'/ v8\sf – d]/f] cfTdsyf, bf];|f] ;+:s/0f @)%$,.

!( of]uL g/xl/ gfy – Oltxf; k|sfz, c+s @ efu !,.

@) afns[i0f kf]v/]n – kfFr;o jif{ – ^ / & .

@!  s0f{fnL k|b]z Ps la6f] cWoog.

@@ k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof *! j}zfv h]7 @)$!, k[i7 ^ g]kfnL v08 .

@# uf]/vfsf b08kf0fL cof{n ;+usf] jftf{af6 .

@$ k"0f{k|sfz g]kfn æofqLÆ uugL /fhsf] ofqf,.

@% w/0fLw/ bxfn–hflt, efiff / lnlk, efu @,.

@^ g]kfnL q}dfl;s c+s (@,.

@& k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof *!,.

@* g]kfnL y/sf u'TyL o:t} 5g\ ====== uf]=k= )%#÷*÷!%.

d'n u|Gy

lrn+v] v8\sf

Ps 5f]6f] lrgf/L

                      rGb| axfb'/ v8\sf